Titanium

Element	Titanium
Symbol	Ti
Atomic Number	22
Molar Mass	47.88 gmol^-1
Electron Configuration	[Ar]3d²4s²
Normal State	solid metal
Density @STP	4.5 g cm^-3
Melting Point	1668^oC
Boiling Point	3287^oC
Stable Isotopes	⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti, ⁵⁰Ti
Atomic Radius	147 pm
Ionic Radius	69 (4+) pm
Electronegativity (Pauling)	1.54
Ionization Energy (1^st)	658 kJ mol^-1
Ionization Energy (2^nd)	1310 kJ mol^-1
Ionization Energy (3^rd)	2652 kJ mol^-1
Molar Heat Capacity	25 J K^-1mol^-1
Standard Molar Entropy	30.7 J K^-1mol^-1
Enthalpy of Fusion	20.9 kJ mol^-1
Enthalpy of Vapourization	428.9 kJ mol^-1

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Titanium is a silvery transition metal element
Titanium discovered by William Gregor (1791)
Titanium first isolated by Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1825)
Titanium named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1795)
Titanium is the ninth most abundant element on Earth
Titanium has a very high strength to density ratio relative to most other metals
Titanium is a reactive metal, but due to surface oxide passivation becomes very corrosion resistant
Titanium has a relatively high melting point (1650 °C) makes it useful as a refractory metal
Commercially pure (99.2% pure) grades of titanium have tensile strengths similar to common steels, but are less dense
Titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong
Titanium is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity
Titanium is one of the few elements that burns in pure nitrogen gas, reacting at 800 °C to form titanium nitride
Titanium is a costly metal to produce compared to steel, aluminium etc. so used in specialist applications where properties outweigh cost
Titanium metals and alloys are mostly used in aerospace and marine applications
Titanium is an important alloying agent with many metals including aluminium, molybdenum and iron
Powdered titanium is used in pyrotechnics as a source of bright-burning particles
Titanium is used in prosethetic components due to good biocampatility (hip, knee joint replacement and dental implants)
About 95% of all titanium ore is used for refinement into titanium dioxide (TiO₂)
Titanium dioxide is used as a white permanent pigment in paints, paper, toothpaste, and plastics
Titanium dioxide (titania)is used in thermal spray coatings, strangely giving a dark blue-black coloured ceramic coating
Titanium has no known biological role and is non-toxic

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